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Environmental factors in metal forming and machining
Many of the fluids which are used to lubricate metal forming and machining, especially of high alloy or
stainless steels, contain environmentally harmful or potentially damaging chemical constituents.
Environmental concerns, market forces and legislative requirements are combining to make imperative a search
for new solutions which minimise environmental impact without compromising process economics. Driven by
these, as well as the costs of cleaning and disposal of used fluids, there is renewed interest in dry or
minimally lubricated metal forming processes. The role of the vapour phase of any lubricant including the
atmosphere, has been an area of interest for many years [1-9] and the environmental cutting chamber is
available for continued work. A short stroke strip drawing bench has also been recently refurbished through
some collaborative development work with Castrol International; it would be in ideal workhorse to do some
imaginative work on the fundamental mechanisms in the lubrication of deforming materials building on the
models involving surface roughness currently being explored by Sutcliffe and his colleagues in the
Department.
Relevant/recent publications
- Williams, J. A. and Tabor, D. 'The role of lubricants in machining' Wear, 43, pp275-292
(1977).
- Williams, J. A. 'The action of lubricants in metal cutting' J. Mech. Engng. Sci., 19,
pp202-212 (1977).
- Doyle, E. D., Horne, J. G. and Tabor, D. 'Frictional interactions between chip and rake face in
continuous chip formation' Proc. Roy. Soc., A366, pp173-183 (1979).
- Wright, P. K., Horne, J. G. and Tabor, D. 'Boundary conditions at the chip-tool interface in machining;
comparisons between seizure and sliding friction' Wear, 54, pp371-394 (1979).
- Williams, J. A. and Stobbs, W. 'Changes in the mode of chip formation as a function of the presence of
oxygen' Met. Tech., 6, pp424-432 (1979).
- Wakabayashi, T., Williams, J. A. and Hutchings, I. M. 'The action of gaseous lubricants in metal cutting'
IMechE Conference on Tribology in Metal Cutting and Grinding, London, April 1991 (1992)
- Wakabayashi, T., Williams, J. A. and Hutchings, I. M. 'The kinetics of gas-phase lubrication in the
orthogonal machining of an aluminium alloy' Proc. Instn of Mechanical Engineers, J. Engineering
Tribology, 209, pp131-136 (1995).
- Wakabayashi, T., Williams, J. A. and Hutchings, I. M. 'The action of gaseous lubricants in the orthogonal
machining of an aluminium alloy with titanium nitride coated tools' Surface and Coatings Technology,
57, pp183-189 (1993).
- Liew, W. Y. H., Hutchings, I. M. and Williams, J. A. 'The interaction between tool material, environment
and process conditions in the machining of aluminium alloys' J Machining Science & Technology,
3(2), pp273-286 (1999).
Contact Details
For further information on the work summarised above contact Dr J A
Williams at Cambridge University Engineering Department, Trumpington St, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK. Tel:
01223 332641, Fax: 01223 332662. E-mail: jaw@eng.cam.ac.uk
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